Importance of Community Expertise to Academic Research Recognized

Hello friends,

I was recently awarded a Killam doctoral scholarship to support my pursuit of a Phd in History at University of British Columbia. This is a tremendous honor, and I’m deeply grateful for this support and the opportunities it affords me. I’m humbled to be able to learn from exceptional mentors, colleagues, and projects during my time working on my PhD.

I first began working with radiation-impacted communities as a young grad student almost fifteen years ago. In these stories of radiogenic communities I found resilience and injustice at a scale that I could not even begin to comprehend.

I do not believe that the stories of ordinary people living in radiogenic communities need to be “validated” by academics or awards: they speak to a truth held in common by radiogenic communities worldwide, and they emerge from complex and enduring systems of local knowledge that encode the history of environments and human activities in ways academics are only beginning to understand. Many of these narrators will be the first to tell you how badly health studies and robust research are needed in their communities if they are to attain the services and political change necessary to address ongoing health and environmental crisis .

I interpret the Killam award as an instance of the Academy recognizing the importance of these forms of community expertise, and the responsibility of academic institutions to work collaboratively with communities in pursuit of environmental and social justice.

A short video was made about my research in recognition of the award, and I shared with the producers of this video some images of places, people, artwork and events that motivate my research. By virtue of this video’s format, those important people, places, and events, artworks, and stories end up getting turned into visual fragments, which does them a disservice. Please take a moment to click through some of the links in captions below to learn more about a few of the incredible activists, academics, artists, and places I’ve had the honor of learning from. If you’d like to learn more or get involved, here are some places to start.

Hanford downwinder activist Tom Bailie, Dr. Norma Field, Nagasaki hibakusha (atomic bomb survivor) and activist Mitsugi Moriguchi, and Dr. Yuki Miyamoto, Richland 2018. These extraordinary activists and nuclear scholars were part of the historic Hanford-Nagasaki Bridge event, organized by the group Consequences of Radiation Exposure (CORE) and held in the Tri-Cities near the Hanford site in 2018.

Learn more:

“Nagasaki Survivor Visits Hanford, Finds Some of the Story Still Untold”

https://www.pbs.org/video/a-nagasaki-survivor-visits-hanford-gepzqn/.

Dr. Field is the editor and co-translator of Fukishima: Will you Still Say No Crime Has Been Committed. Read one of her recent works here.

Dr. Miyamoto is the author of Beyond the Mushroom Cloud: Commemoration, Religion, and Responsibility after Hiroshima.

Attendees at University of British Columbia view Hitomi Kamanaka’s stunning documentary "Little Voices from Fukushima”. I organized Kama’s May 2019 visit to University of British Columbia for this screening in collaboration with MV Ramana of the Liu Institute for Global Studies, with support from the School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, the Department of History, the Department of Political Science, the Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, the Faculty of Arts, the Department of Asian Studies, and the Centre for Japanese Research.

Article by 4 Corners journalist and artist Sonja Horoshko, published in the Four Corners Free Press, on a joint art opening of works by renowned artist Ed Singer and a book event featuring Downwind, held in Cortez Colorado in May 2019. Learn more about Ed’s incredible work here. Sonja has published numerous pieces about the legacies of uranium in the Four Corners region; read more of her work here.

The Rio Puerco River in New Mexico, in 1979 the site of the largest accidental release of radiation in United States history (roughly 3 times as much radiation was released in this accident at a uranium tailings pond as was released in the notorious Three Mile Island Nuclear power plant disaster that same year). It spilled 94 million gallons of radioactive water onto the Navajo Nation, impacting drinking water, livestock, and families across the region. Learn more.

Artist Jerrel Singer’s mural near Grey Mountain, Arizona on the lands of the Navajo Nation, featuring the words of Santee Dakota activist John Trudell: “Are they not waging nuclear war when the miners die from cancer from mining the uranium?” Read more about Jerrel’s work and follow him here!

“Radioactive Pollution Kills: Its Time to Clean Up The Mines,” installation by artist @jetsonorama. Learn more about his work here.

Map from National Cancer Institute Study of thyroid cancer related to Iodine-131 dispersed by atmospheric nuclear testing in Nevada 1951-1962. View the study here.

Eugene, Oregon community reading of “Exposed,” a play by Utah downwinder Mary Dickson, held in commemoration of the 2018 anniversary of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This event was organized by Oregon WAND (Women’s Action for New Directions). Learn more about Mary’s play and WAND.

“#waterislife #goldminespill #noDAPL #WaterisSacred” Street art/Mural in Shiprock, New Mexico. Navajo Nation. Artist unknown. (If you know the artist please contact me at sarahalisabethfox@gmail.com!)

Art and Bearing Witness to the Nuclear West: Guest Post by Emma Catherine McAllister

This post was contributed by Emma Catherine McAllister, a former student in Sarah Fox's Environmental Policy and Decision-Making Course "Nuclear Narratives of the American West." McAllister is a Sophomore at University of Puget Sound, where she is double majoring in International Political Economy and Environmental Policy and Decision Making.

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“Healing begins when someone bears witness. I saw you. I believe you.”

When I first heard these words, it had been a year since Sarah Fox had introduced me to narratives of the nuclear west—one year since I had learned of the “Atmospheric Nuclear Testing and Uranium Mining” chapter in the (lengthy) tome of American environmental injustice. In this year, Professor Fox had guided my class through the systematic efforts of the federal government—specifically, through the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)— to suppress information about the collateral damage it was inflicting in the course of its development of a nuclear arsenal. Professor Fox had opened our eyes to the horrific reality that communities living downwind of nuclear weapon test sites and communities working to extract the uranium necessary for these weapons had been deliberately kept in the dark about the devastating impact of the radiological material. She proved how these communities successfully organized to demand the release of classified data, the funding of health research, and eventually, the passage of policies dedicated to protecting health and the environment from the ravages of nuclear industries.

She also made clear that there is a great deal of work left to be done. There are thousands of nuclear sites—whether unremediated uranium mines, abandoned uranium processing plants, or nuclear power plants located on multiple tectonic fault lines—that continue to pose significant dangers to the communities in which they are located. Our final project for the class was to identify a nuclear site and develop a research paper explaining its history, its role within the development of America’s nuclear hegemony, and its impact on adjacent communities.

With Professor Fox’s guidance, I settled on researching Midnite Mine, an abandoned uranium mine located on the Spokane Indian Reservation in Eastern Washington. The following is a brief summary of my research:

The Spokane tribes originally occupied about three million acres of land. President Rutherford B. Hayes’ 1881 declaration limited the tribes to 156,000 acres of “some of the least valuable land” which was “Too rocky for farming, [and] also turned out to have little of the gold and silver early prospectors wanted.”

The dry, sandy soil that was poorly suited for agricultural development proved to be rich with uranium deposits. Midnite Mine, owned by Dawn Mining Corporation, capitalized on these deposits. It was located near the center of reservation land and worked on extracting uranium from 1955-1981. It necessitated the construction and use of a mill, which processed uranium ore into yellowcake (the raw material used for making nuclear rods). During its operating period, the mine and mill provided employment to the Spokane people, but also wreaked incredible destruction to tribal members’ bodies and land. The miners were not provided with any information about the dangers of uranium mining, nor any protective measures (such as face masks, laundry facilities, etc), and many developed respiratory disorders, thyroid malfunctions, and cancer. No semblance of cleanup efforts followed the mine’s 1981 closing, and it leeched radioactive waste and heavy metals into water sources on which the Spokane people depend for decades while the Spokane tribe tried to compel a cleanup effort. Eventually, they succeeded, and remediation of the mine and mill sites is now in progress, striving to employ tribal members as much as possible. The employment opportunities provided by remediation efforts guarantee some degree of financial security for the Spokane people’s foreseeable future, but do little to comfort those who have seen their loved ones taken by disease associated with the mine.

Doing this research made me want to do more than be a silent observer of this tragedy of environmental injustice—I wanted to do something. I reflected on my capacities as an artist, and how those capacities could potentially be used to bring greater awareness of the ongoing reality of toxic nuclear sites. I wanted to talk to and work with the Spokane people—to whatever extent they were willing—to tell their story, as I had witnessed Professor Fox had helped tell so many stories of Downwinders and uranium-affected communities.

I was ultimately unable to travel to the reservation in the course of the semester, and unable to contact community members before the deadline of the project. But in still having a pressing need to do something, I found a photograph taken by Jed Conklin for The Spokesman-Review newspaper and turned it into a black-and-white painting. a tableau of the grief and anguish of the Nuclear West. In the photograph, “Charlotte Corral [is] break[ing] down in tears while speaking about her husband, Chico, in their home on the Spokane Reservation” and “Sandra Belvail, a volunteer advocate who is helping Chico make a radiation compensation claim, offers comfort.” Originally, my idea was to render this photograph as a black-and-white painting with yellow splattering or superimposed landscape of the mine to represent the destructive contamination of uranium into the lives of those pictured--elements from Navajo artist and Downwinder Ed Singer’s painting “Łeetsoii shaa yíjooł (I Am Downwind)."  However, after finishing the black-and-white transmutation of these two women onto canvas, I did not want to present such a jarring representation of the role of the toxic uranium, and left off with the painting being just a way for me to acknowledge—to bear witness—to the tragedy suffered by Charlotte and by the Spokane people. I ended up not attempting to disseminate the image at all, uncertain that those who I depicted (and the Spokane/nuclear-affected community) would support the effort, and not wanting to use Charlotte and Sandra’s likeness in a way to which they had not explicitly consented.

My next venture into grappling with the Nuclear West through art was in the creation of a “tunnel book,” featuring a Native American young woman in the foreground of the tableau gazing at the mushroom cloud of a nuclear test in the background. Between her and the cloud is a flock of sheep, representing the livestock herds devastated by nuclear fallout from atmospheric testing, and a uranium mine representing any of the 10,000+ that still dot the Western landscape. On the panels of the book flanking this scene, I include quotations from Professor Fox’s Downwind: A People’s History of the Nuclear West, with uranium-mining related excerpts on the left-hand panel and atmospheric-testing related excerpts on the right-hand panel.

The painting now hangs in my room and the book sits on my desk, offering small reminders of the necessity of continuing to bear witness to environmental injustices, particularly those faced in particular by nuclear-affected communities. It also reminds me to stay vigilant and informed about new threats, new additions to the legacy of the Nuclear West. The current administration’s marked preference for extraction industries and profit over the wishes and best interests of the American people is epitomized in the downsizing of the Bears Ears National Monument, despite 96% of public comments to the Department of the Interior supporting the monument’s status. This downsizing of the monument seems indicative of the administration’s support for the expansion of the Daneros uranium mine at the expense of the rich cultural and historical legacies of the site, and at the potential danger of repeating our country’s history of foisting environmental injustice on marginalized communities.

I affirm that I see the brutality of what Downwind and uranium-affected communities have endured. I believe them, and I believe what happened to them was profoundly unjust. I would be honored to use my opportunities as a scholar, as a person of privilege, and as an artist to help these communities heal and to tell their stories. We must work together to oppose the repetition of history—the repetition of the unacceptable devastation of the Nuclear West.

If you are part of a community (or know of one) interested in collaborating with me to have its story told artistically, please email me at emma.art.mcallister@gmail.com.

If you are interested in learning more about Midnite Mine and its ongoing reclamation efforts, check out the links below:

SHAWL (Sovereignty, Health, Air, Water, Land) Society: http://shawlsociety.blogspot.com

EPA Superfund Entry: https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=1001070

News Coverage: http://www.spokesman.com/tags/midnite-mine/hg.    k54`